Evolution of Languages

HINDI-HISTORY

Hindi is a modern Indo-Aryan language (belonging to the family of greater Indo-European languages) and is a descendent of Sanskrit, the earliest speech of the Aryan settlers in the north-west frontiers of India. Passing through various stages of evolution over the period of time -- from Classical Sanskrit to Pali-Prakrit and Apabhransha, the emergence of Hindi in its earliest form can be traced back to the 10th century A.D. (Bhandarkar 1929, Chatterji 1960). Hindi, sometimes, is also refered to as Hindavi, Hindustani and Khari-Boli. Hindi written in Devanagari script (which is the most scientific writing system among the existig writing systems of the world) is the National Official Language of the Republic of India and is ranked as the Òthird most widely spoken languges of the worldÓ (Bhatia 1996). In addition, Hindi is also the state language of the state of Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. 

Five Senses of Communication

FIVE SENSES OF COMMUNICATION

Sight

We communicate messages through sight by using visual signals that include facial expressions, gestures and posture (or body language). We receive these signals by using our sense of sight.

When we look at something, light bounces off the object and onto the pupil in the eye. The light crosses the lens of the eye, the picture becomes focused, and then turns upside down. The picture then shines on the retina, at the back of the eye. A retina contains rod cells and cone cells, which are both photoreceptors. These cells let your eye see colours and details. The optic nerve sends a message of this picture to your brain, where the picture is turned the right way up. Your brain then tells you what response you should make to the object that you can see.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION- AN INTRODUCTION:

Verbal communication is communication with help of words. It could be oral or spoken. It occurs when there is direct or indirect contact between two or more individuals and the exchange takes place with the help of words.

To be a good oral communicator one needs the following qualities:

• Clear speaking voice

• The ability to speak at the correct pace. (Too fast and the audience can’t take it in. Too slow and they get bored.)

• Confidence to talk to a range of audiences, from one individual to a large gathering of strangers.

• An understanding of how non-verbal gestures can affect and influence an audience's reaction.

• Good listening skills, so not to talk over someone else or interrupt him or her, and to be able to listen and take in replies to respond to them as necessary.

• The ability to use a variety of tones in order to arouse interest in the listener. One major area of oral communication is face-to-face communication. This can occur either in a formal or informal manner: Formal occasions include business meeting such as an Annual General Meeting, (AGM) or an interview between an employee and employer. Informal occasions include lunch with customers or potential customers or just the passing of an instruction from one employee to another.

COMMUNICATION-PROCESS AND HOW WE COMMUNICATE

The process of communication involves a few elements. There are the following elements of communication:

o A communication source or sender,

o A message,

o A channel,

o A communication receiver

o Feedback

o Noise

COMMUNICATION-OVERVIEW

COMMUNICATION

Communication is often considered as an activity only. In reality, it is actually a process. The

process of communication includes transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, and knowledge. This is done with the help of symbols, words, pictures, figures, graphs, drawings, and illustrations, etc. Again, "communication" is the process by which we understand and in turn try to be understood by others. It is dynamic, constantly changing and shifting in response to the overall situation. Therefore, "communication" can be described as "the interchange of thoughts or ideas". This is also referred as sharing of meaning.

BEGINNING OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

It all began in the prehistoric days. Fossil records recovered from many sites all over the world show that the first development in the evolution of human beings (Homo sapiens) took place about 70 million years back. Our first ancestors were rat like creatures that lived during the period of dinosaurs. Millions of years passed before the first primates with flexible hands and feet evolved.